ABSTRACT
Background@#Post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) is one of the most common complications in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the therapeutic and prophylactic effects of aminophylline and theophylline on PDPH. @*Methods@#Relevant studies were identified by searching the following electronic databases, without language restriction, until June 2020: Scopus, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Cochrane Library-CENTRAL, and CINAHL Complete. Random effects models were used to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) and risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) to assess the therapeutic and prophylactic effects of aminophylline and theophylline on PDPH, respectively. The Cochrane tool was used for the quality assessment of the included studies. The certainty of the evidence was rated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation method. @*Results@#Of the 1,349 initial records, 15 met our eligibility criteria (6 studies on therapeutic and 9 on prophylactic effects). A significant reduction in the pain score was observed following aminophylline/theophylline treatment (SMD = –1.67; 95% CI, –2.28 to –1.05; P < 0.001, I2 = 84.7%; P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed that the therapeutic effect was significantly higher when these agents were compared to placebo than when conventional therapies were used. The risk of PDPH after aminophylline administration was not significantly reduced (RR = 0.74; 95% CI, 0.42 to 1.31; P = 0.290). @*Conclusions@#Theophylline and aminophylline have therapeutic, but not prophylactic, effects on PDPH.
ABSTRACT
Background: High nitrate concentration in water resources can create some diseases such as methemoglobinemia in children and environmental problems like eutrophication. Nowadays, different biological methods have developed for nitrate removal from water resources. This study aimed to examine ammonium nitrogen removal via modified integrated fixed film activated sludge [IFAS] using multiwall carbon nanotubes.
Materials and Methods: The experiments were performed to evaluate efficiency of modified IFAS using carbon nanotube in laboratory scale with continues form. The effect of multiwall carbon nanotubes on sufficiency of process with retention time and ammonium concentration was studied.
Results: The results showed that applied multiwall carbon nanotubes in modified IFAS can lead to an acceleration in primary sludge production and ammonium removal from low and middle concentrations wastewater.
Conclusion: According to the obtained results, utilizing the multiwall carbon nanotubes as medium in an IFAS can improve the efficiency of the system for ammonium removal.
ABSTRACT
A realistic new sediment-laden water prediction computer model was developed. In this model unsteady non-uniform flow computations were incorporated. Using this model, flooding flow-sediments were simulated and compared to earlier research including hydrologic engineering centre [HEC-series] computer models. Uncertain value of parameters and errors in flow-sediment transport equation in existing coupled flow-sediment models were studied. Sensitive nonlinear flow-sediment terms simplified in linear models and state of non-uniform sediment laden flooding flows in loosed boundaries were considered. The new applied modeling of flooding sediment-water transport simulation was tested with data of three rivers and relative merits of the various techniques involved in full phases of flow-sediment in loosed boundaries for real river situations were discussed. Uncertain values of sensitive parameters were investigated through sensitivity analysis of flow-sediment parameters in three hydrologic catchments. Results of numerical analysis were compared to field observations relying on the accuracy of the developed model. Uncertainties and errors involved in; numerical scheme, hydraulic-sediment parameters, the out-reach output, flooding sediment-laden water characteristics, peak outflow, time increments, depth, speed of floods were found rather sensitive to the solution of problems. Computed grid size intervals and the peak outflows increased with space step and decreased with time step. Errors of in-reach parameters, the peak inflow hydrograph and roughness coefficient highlighted out-reach output